Sample/practice exam June 2014, questions - learning and memory
Learning and Memory (PSY1028)
Maastricht University
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Question 01
The figure above schematically depicts two situations of conditioning. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is an auditory stimulus, a tone and the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a short electric shock. What statement about contiguity and contingency in both situations is true?a) Both situations share the same contiguity; the contingency is better in situation 1. b) Both situations share the same contiguity; the contingency is better in situation 2. c) Situation 2 has better contiguity than situation 1; both situations share the same contingency.
Question 02 Ingo is playing with a ball. He repeatedly kicks the ball against the wall. His mum Marlien asks him to stop or she will take away the ball. Because Ingo does not stop kicking, she indeed removes the ball. This is a form of: a) Negative reinforcement. b) Negative punishment. c) Positive punishment.
Question 03 Which of the options below can lead to dishabituation?
- Adding a new stimulus.
- Changing the stimulus.
- Changing the environment. a) Only 1 and 2. b) Only 1 and 3. c) All three above.
Question 04 Liesbeth would like to replicate the principle of ‘blocking’ that Kamin first demonstrated in 1969. Which of the following ways is the correct one? a) During phase 1, she teaches a group of rats that a tone will be followed by food. During phase 2, she only presents the tone. b) During phase 1, she teaches a group of rats that a simultaneous presentation of a tone and a light will be followed by food. During phase 2, only the tone is presented. c) During phase 1, she teaches a group of rats that a tone is followed by food. During phase 2, a tone and a light are simultaneously presented.
CS
US
CS
US
1
2
Question 05 How can a conditioned response (CR) best be unlearned? a) By only presenting the CS without the US. b) By only presenting the US without the CS. c) By only presenting the US without the UR.
Question 06 Some psychologists distinguish episodic from semantic memory. This distinction is problematic. Why? a) Semantic memory can be seen as an accumulation of episodic memories, in which ultimately the context has been lost. b) Both forms of memory are impaired in amnesia. c) The fact that one memory is conscious and the other is unconscious is not easy to explain.
Question 07 According to Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model of memory, information is transferred to long-term memory when a person: a) Processes the material very deeply. b) Passively and repeatedly rehearses the material. c) Forms a visual image of the material.
Question 08
- When I smell incense (wierook), I think of a nice memory taking place in church.
- Lemon has a characteristic smell. These two examples show that memory for smell is: a) Semantic. b) Episodic. c) Can be both semantic and episodic.
Question 09 Suppose a child is learning to swim. If we measure how long it takes him to swim from one end of the pool to the other each day, we will typically find that his speed will: a) Increase gradually from day to day. b) Increase rapidly over the first several days, and then increase more slowly on subsequent days. c) Increase slowly over the first few days, and then increase more rapidly on subsequent days.
Question 10 Read the following statements. Statement 1: Long-term potentiation is started by influx of magnesium ions throught the NMDA receptor into the postsynaptic neuron. Statement 2: Long-term potentiation is a process that consists of three parts, namely induction, maintenance, and expression. Which of these statements is correct? a) Both statement 1 and 2 are correct. b) Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect. c) Statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct.
b) LOP only takes encoding into account and not retrieval. c) LOP uses circular arguments.
Question 17Suppose you buy a new remote control for your television, and you are having a hard time remembering where the buttons are because they are arrange differently than they were on your old remote control. This is an example of: a) Retroactive interference. b) Proactive interference. c) Source amnesia.
Question 18 A schema is an organized knowledge structure of somebody’s knowledge about a certain event. What is NOT true with regard to schemas? a) Schemas are active, dynamic processes that cause the constant change of the schema. b) Schemas contain knowledge about a certain event, which means that they can differ from person to person. c) The information within a schema is very specific and cannot be transferred to another event.
Question 19 Jenny suffered a heart attack, after which she experienced memory loss that lasted about 24 hours. What type of amnesia did Jenny suffer from: a) Functional amnesia. b) Transient global amnesia. c) Source amnesia.
Question 20 Read the following statements: Statement 1: Lesions of the hippocampal region have been shown to disrupt an organism’s ability to learn new spatial information and locate food that the organism previously stored. Statement 2: The existence of Korsakoff’s disease demonstrates the importance of the diencephalon in memory. Which of these statements is correct? a) Both statement 1 and 2 are correct. b) Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect. c) Statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct.
Question 21 The posterior cerebral artery takes care of the blood supply to areas such as the hippocampus and temporal lobe, whereas the anterior and middle cerebral arteries provide blood to the frontal lobe. Patient Tim H. has retrograde amnesia and cannot use the correct strategies anymore to perform a memory test. This is caused by: a) A disruption of the blood supply of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. b) A disruption of the blood supply of the posterior cerebral artery. c) A disruption of the blood supply in all three arteries.
Question 22 What type of memory problems did Patient HM have? a) His short-term memory was impaired and he could not store information into long-term memory.
b) His short-term memory was functional, but he could not store information into long-term memory. c) His short-term memory was impaired, but he could still store information into long-term memory.
Question 23 The negative priming-effect is a slowed response that occurs in a condition in which a target is always the distractor of the previous trial, as compared to a control condition in which this is not the case. Hasher and colleagues (1991) showed that this effect ... < br> a) Is smaller in young than old people. b) Larger in young than old people. c) Equally large in young and old people.
Question 24 The role of the left and right frontal lobe during encoding and retrieval of memories seems to change during aging. What is the distribution in elderly people? a) The left frontal lobe is related to retrieval, whereas the right frontal lobe is involved in encoding of memories. b) The left frontal lobe is related to encoding, whereas the right frontal lobe is involved in retrieval of memories. c) There is no clear distinction: the frontal lobes of both hemispheres seem to be involved in both processes.
Question 25 Which area is unaffected (longest) in Alzheimer’s Disease? a) The motor cortex. b) The prefrontal cortex. c) The medial temporal lobe.
Question 26 Read the following statements:
Statement 1 Mainly the hippocampus and the parietal lobe degenerate with
increasing age.
Statement 2 With increasing age, the volume of the brain decreases because there
are less neurons and because the remaining neurons decrease in volume. Which of these statements is correct? a) Both statement 1 and 2 are correct. b) Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect. c) Statement 1 is incorrect and statement 2 is correct.
Question 27 The application of knowledge in new situations is referred to as a) inference. b) transfer. c) integration.
Question 28 In the construction-integration model of Kintsch (1998) text processing occurs in cycles of two phases. In the integration phase a) the text information is linked to prior knowledge. b) a process of spreading activation leads to constraint satisfaction. c) both a and b occurs.
Question 35 The concept of talent is commonly used in everyday language. However, it is not always clear what is meant. Howe, Davidson, & Sloboda (1998) proposed a definition of talent by assigning five properties to talent. Which of the following properties is not part of their definition? a) Talent is at least partly innate. b) There are early indicators of talent. c) Talent can be inferred from exceptional levels of performance.
Question 36 Researchers on giftedness in children documented many stories of children that display high-level skills and interests in a field. Later in life only few of these gifted children have become experts creating a unique contribution to their domain. The explanation given by Winner (2000), a giftedness researcher, highlights the importance of a) a combination of motivation and skills. b) a combination of personality factors and motivation. c) a combination of personality factors and skills.
Sample/practice exam June 2014, questions - learning and memory
Vak: Learning and Memory (PSY1028)
Universiteit: Maastricht University
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- Summary Discrete Mathematics (KEN1130): lecture (s) - These lecture notes are taken from a teacher who gave this course before. The current teacher prefers these notes about the book and let the students read both the book and these notes.