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General psychology final exam guide
Intro To Psychology (Psyc 1000)
Memorial University of Newfoundland
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GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
In its early years, psychology focused on the study of _____, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ____. A. environmental influences; hereditary influences B. maladaptive behavior; adaptive behavior C. unconscious motives; conscious thoughts and feelings D. mental life; observable behavior
The young science of psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and A. economics B. biology C. geography D. sociology
Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna’s difficulties requires A. introspection B. psychoanalysis C. massed practice D. a biopsychosocial approach
Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors’ genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the __ perspective. A. social-cultural B. cognitive C. evolutionary D. psychodynamic
Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ___ perspective on depression. A. neuroscience B. psychodynamic C. behavior genetics D. cognitive
Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding A. structuralism vs. functionalism B. evolution vs. natural selection C. observation vs. introspection D. nature vs. nurture
Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of A. conscious and unconscious mental activity B. observable responses to the environment C. behavior and mental processes D. maladaptive and adaptive behaviors
Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people’s
A. childhood memories B. genetic predispositions C. unconscious thought processes D. potential for healthy growth 9. The first psychology laboratory was established by ___ in the year ____. A. Wundt; 1879 B. James; 1890 C. Freud; 1900 D. Watson; 1913 10. Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of A. neuroscience and cognition B. nature and nurture C. behavior and mental processes D. conscious and unconscious thoughts 11. The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on A. natural selection B. brain chemistry C. unconscious conflicts D. learned behaviors 12. The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly facilitated by A. critical thinking B. hindsight bias C. the scientific attitude D. curious skepticism 13. Psychologists study animals because A. animal behavior is just as complex as human behavior B. experiments on people are generally considered to be unethical C. the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional guidelines D. similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior 14. The enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitutes their A. culture B. normal curve C. wording effects D. schemas 15. Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are A. pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuity B. ingenuity, practicality, and certainty C. certainty, creativity, and curiosity D. curiosity, skepticism, and humility 16. Psychological differences between the genders are A. of little interest to contemporary psychologists B. simply reflections of biological differences between the sexes
- A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that A. poverty makes people more vulnerable to psychological disorders B. people who are poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than are wealthy people C. psychological disorders usually prevent people from accumulating wealth D. all of these statements are true
- Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on TV are also particularly likely to behave aggressively. This relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because A. random sequences often don’t look random B. correlation does not prove causation C. sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations D. events often seem more probable in hindsight
- Which of the following methods is most helpful for revealing cause-effect relationships? A. the survey B. the experiment C. correlational research D. naturalistic observation
- Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of A. naturalistic observation B. random sampling C. the double-blind procedure D. replication
- To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort, researchers plan to give one group of children relatively easy tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the chance that the children in one group are more intelligent than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of A. random assignment B. the double-blind procedure C. naturalistic observation D. operational definitions
- To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research the dependent variable was A. insults or compliments B. physical appearance C. interpersonal attraction D. feelings of self-esteem
- In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the ___ variable. A. experimental B. dependent C. correlational
D. independent 31. Lacking any exposure to language before adolescence, a person will never master any language due to the ___ of unemployed neural connections. A. shaping B. sculpting C. pruning D. temperament 32. Norms are best described as A. the expression of group identity B. a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity C. rules for socially acceptable behavior D. buffer zones we like to maintain between ourselves and others 33. Professor Shankar believes that her students’ most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of A. individualism B. gender typing C. collectivism D. temperament 34. When Mr. Thompson lived overseas for a year, he was very surprised at how much respect he received from people simply because he was an older person. His sense of surprise suggests that he had NOT previously lived in a culture characterized by A. social diversity B. collectivism C. extraversion D. individualism 35. Men and women are most likely to differ in their A. happiness B. intelligence C. self-esteem D. aggressiveness 36. When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Waldo does not cry because he has learned that boys are not supposed to cry. Waldo’s behavior best illustrates the importance of A. temperament B. gender roles C. testosterone D. collectivism 37. Gender roles refers to A. one’s biological sex B. a sense of being male or female C. a set of expected behaviors for males and females D. a sense of being homosexual or heterosexual 38. Depending on environmental conditions, specific genes can be either A. proteins or chemicals B. active or inactive C. identical or fraternal
D. genetic predispositions have little effect on our social relationships 47. Compared with women, men are ___ likely to feel comfortable about having casual sex with different partners and ___ likely to cite affection as a reason for their first sexual intercourse. A. less; more B. more; less C. less; less D. more; more 48. The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on A. imagery B. retrieval C. visual coding D. memory 49. The retention of encoded information over time refers to A. effortful processing B. retrieval C. rehearsal D. storage 50. The process of getting information out of memory is called A. encoding B. relearning C. retrieval D. rehearsal 51. The process of encoding refers to A. the persistence of learning over time B. the recall of information previously learned C. getting information into memory D. a clear memory of an emotionally significant event 52. Storage is to encoding as ____ is to ____. A. active processing; passive processing B. imagery; attentiveness C. rehearsal; retrieval D. retention; acquisition 53. Some information in our fleeting ____ is encoded into short-term memory. A. working memory B. sensory memory C. rehearsal memory D. long-term memory 54. The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of A. sensory memory B. auditory memory C. visual encoding D. working memory 55. Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ____ memory A. short-term
B. auditory C. visual-spatial D. sensory 56. The three steps in memory information processing are A. input, processing, output B. input, storage, output C. input, storage, retrieval D. encoding, storage, retrieval 57. The difficulty of recalling the melody of a familiar song while listening to a different song best illustrates the limited capacity of A. recognition memory B. working memory C. long-term memory D. sensory memory 58. Automatic processing and effortful processing are two types of A. encoding B. retrieval C. rehearsal D. storage 59. During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term serial position effect. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the ninth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of A. automatic processing B. the spacing effect C. the peg-word system D. the serial-position effect 60. Automatic processing occurs without A. acoustic memory B. semantic encoding C. conscious awareness D. visual imagery 61. Ebbinghaus’ use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that A. the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning B. what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood C. information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten D. our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited 62. One day after Usha hears her mother’s list of grocery items, Usha is least likely to remember the items A. at the beginning and end B. at the end C. at the beginning D. in the middle 63. The conscious repetition of information to maintain it in memory is called A. automatic processing B. rehearsal
C. implicit D. sensory 72. After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from A. long-term potentiation B. spatial mnemonics C. retrieval failure D. amnesia 73. Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age, still remembers many of his high school classmates? A. recall B. recognition C. rehearsal D. reconstruction 74. What an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used? A. recognition B. rehearsal C. recall D. relearning 75. Watching a TV soap opera involved marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea’s recall provides an example of A. the context effect B. mnemonics C. associations D. priming 76. When 80-year-old Ida looked at her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picures served as powerful A. encoding devices B. iconic memories C. sensory memories D. retrieval cues 77. After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn’t remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim’s pattern of recall best illustrates A. priming B. mnemonics C. encoding effects D. state-dependent memory 78. In an effort to remember the name of the classmate who sat behind her in fifth grade, Martina mentally recited the names of other classmates who sat near her. Martina’s effort to refresh her memory by activating related associations is an example of A. retrieval cues B. déjà vu C. encoding
D. relearning 79. When Tony is in a bad mood, he interprets his parents’ comments as criticisms. When he’s in a good mood, he interprets the same types of parental comments as helpful suggestions. This best illustrates that our emotional states influence the process of A. priming B. encoding C. recognition D. retrieval 80. Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention? A. recall B. recognition C. relearning D. retrieval 81. The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on A. how long ago we learned that information B. the nature of our mood during encoding and retrieval C. whether the information is part of our implicit or explicit memory D. whether the information was acoustically or visually encoded 82. Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that ____ rarely, if ever, occurs. A. proactive interference B. automatic processing C. source amnesia D. repression 83. People with vivid imaginations are more likely than others to experience a(n) A. long-term memory B. false memory C. working memory D. sensory memory 84. Research reports of repression and recovered memories indicate that A. people rarely recall memories of long-forgotten events B. most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded in long-term memory C. only those memories recovered with the help of a professional psychotherapist are likely to be reliable D. extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered 85. For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ___ must first relay incoming pain messages from your ankle to your spinal cord. A. the parasympathetic nervous system B. interneurons C. motor neurons D. sensory neurons 86. Dendrites are branching extensions of A. neurotransmitters B. endorphins C. neurons
A. hearing; sensing movement B. seeing; sensing touch C. seeing; hearing D. speaking; hearing 96. The most extensive regions of the brain, which enable learning and memory, are called the A. sensory cortex B. medulla C. cerebellum D. association areas 97. The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as A. lateralization B. phrenology C. hemispherectomy D. plasticity 98. Learning involves A. the ability to think abstractly B. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experiences C. the development of pro-social behavior D. a reduction in extrinsic behavior 99. The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by A. Watson B. Skinner C. Raynor D. Pavlov 100 Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was A. a tone B. salivation to the sound of a tone C. the presentation of food in the dog’s mouth D. salivation to the food in the mouth 101 occurs when a ____ is no longer paired with a ____. A. UR; CR B. CS; UR C. US; UR D. CS; US 102 B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of A. observable behavior B. cognitive processes C. genetic predispositions D. all of these factors 103 behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called A. respondent behaviors B. unconditioned responses C. operant behaviors D. conditioned responses 104. F. Skinner’s work elaborated what E. Thorndike had called
A. shaping B. observational learning C. the law of effect D. latent learning 105 event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n) A. conditioned stimulus B. unconditioned stimulus C. reinforcer D. operant behavior 106 stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) A. conditioned stimulus B. unconditioned stimulus C. positive reinforcer D. negative reinforcer 107 and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls her makes. Paul’s telephoning is reinforced on a ___ schedule, whereas Michael’s is reinforced on a ____ schedule. A. variable-ratio; fixed-ratio B. fixed-ratio; variable-ratio C. fixed-ratio; variable-interval D. fixed-interval; variable-ratio 108 wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of A. respondent behavior B. immediate reinforcement C. modeling D. shaping 109 find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to A. partial reinforcement B. spontaneous recovery C. mirror neurons D. cognitive maps 110 highlighted the importance of observational learning? A. Watson B. Bandura C. Skinner D. Pavlov 111 studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ___ increased rates of violent behavior. A. inhibits B. causes C. is unrelated to D. predicts 112 Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others’ behavior either to their
120 to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that A. people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggression B. even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction C. the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives D. people value their freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being coerced to do something 121 the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when A. participants announce their own answers only after the other group members have done so B. participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers C. it is very difficult to make correct judgments D. judgments are made in a group that has more than three people 122 is best defined as A. the tendency to favor members of one’s own group B. an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members C. a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals D. the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate 123-generalized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called A. discrimination B. situational attributions C. stereotypes D. social norms 124 is a (n) ___; discrimination is a (n) _____. A. disposition attribution; situational attribution B. ingroup bias; outgroup bias C. explicit behavior; implicit behavior D. attitude; behavior 125 is most likely to develop as a way of justifying A. ingroup bias B. deindividuation C. the other-race-effect D. social inequalities 126 mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people A. perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others B. become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion C. more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request D. experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar 127 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in A. the mere exposure effect B. self-disclosure C. social traps
D. the bystander effect 128 to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by A. calculations of costs and benefits B. feelings of social responsibility C. reciprocity norms D. family ties 129 called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques A. a humanistic perspective B. terror-management theory C. projective psychology D. psychoanalysis 130 to Freud, thoughts that are too unsettling for people to acknowledge are A. manifest contents B. self-serving biases C. repressed D. inferiority complexes 131 to Freud’s theory, the behavior of a newborn is controlled by A. the reality principle B. the ego C. the superego D. the id 132 Rogers emphasized that a positive self-concept is promoted by A. sense of control B. unconditioned positive regard C. self-actualization D. peak experiences 133 personality theorists have been criticized the most for encouraging individual selfishness and self-indulgence? A. behaviorists B. social cognitive theorists C. psychoanalytic theorists D. humanistic theorists 134 emphasized that the ego operates on the _____ principle. A. pleasure B. Oedipus C. reality D. defensive 135 pleasure principle is the ____ as the reality principle is to the ____. A. id; superego B. id; ego C. Oedipus complex; Electra complex D. conscious; unconscious 136 to Carl Rogers, people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, and A. conscientious B. consistent C. extraverted
A. chemical analyses of blood and urine samples B. physiological measures of blood pressure, perspiration, and muscle tension C. observable patterns of behavior D. all of these factors 146 a study by David Rosenhan, researchers were admitted as patients into various mental hospitals after they falsely claimed to be “hearing voices.” This study best illustrates the negative effects of A. the medical model B. psychoanalytic theory C. DSM-IV-TR D. diagnostic labels 147 are most likely to be characterized by A. a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation B. offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy the person C. a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal D. alterations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism 148 anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions is called A. generalized anxiety disorder B. obsessive-compulsive disorder C. a phobia D. panic disorder 149 distressing dreams and intrusive memories of an intensely fearful and life- threatening experience are symptoms most commonly associated with A. panic disorder B. agoraphobia C. generalized anxiety disorder D. post-traumatic stress disorder 150 or more distinct identities appear to alternately control the behavior of those with A. narcissistic personality disorder B. hypochondriasis C. conversion disorder D. dissociative identity disorder 151 lack of conscience is most characteristic of those who experience ____ disorder. A. a dissociative B. antisocial personality C. conversion D. somatoform 152 physical symptoms, such as blindness or paralysis, that make no physiological sense is indicative of A. schizoid personality disorder B. conversion disorder C. dissociative disorder D. anxiety disorder 153 number one reason people seek mental health services is A. phobia B. mania
C. depression D. bipolar disorder 154 is most likely to be characterized by feelings of A. guilt B. fear C. elation D. indifference 155 beliefs of persecution that may accompany schizophrenia are called A. obsessions B. compulsions C. delusions D. hallucinations 156 hallucinations experienced by those who suffer from schizophrenia are most likely to involve ____ things that are not there. A. seeing B. hearing C. tasting D. smelling 157 suggest that ___ contribute (s) to schizophrenia. A. depressed serotonin levels B. a pessimistic explanatory style C. conscious role-playing D. prenatal viral infections 158 symptoms of schizophrenia are the ____ of inappropriate behaviors, and negative symptoms are the ____ of appropriate behaviors. A. absence; absence B. presence; presence C. absence; presence D. presence; absence 159 of the following is considered to be the most nondirective form of therapy? A. client-centered therapy B. cognitive therapy C. psychoanalysis D. systematic desensitization 160 introducing people to things they fear and avoid is most characteristic of A. stress inoculation training B. exposure therapies C. behavior modification D. transference 161 construction of an anxiety hierarchy and training in relaxation are important aspects of A. aversive conditioning B. systematic desensitization C. interpersonal psychotherapy D. stress inoculation training
General psychology final exam guide
Vak: Intro To Psychology (Psyc 1000)
Universiteit: Memorial University of Newfoundland
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